The most important to be known for using LINUX is the commands. Below is some of the Basic Linux Commands.
* - Be Careful while using this Command
File Commands
ls — for directory listing
ls -al — Formatted Listing with hidden files
cd <dir> — Change directory to <dir>
cd — Change to home directory
pwd — shows the current working directory
mkdir <dir> — create a directory <dir>
rm <file> — Delete <file>
rm -r <dir> — delete directory <dir>
rm -f <file> — force remove <file>
rm -rf <dir> — force remove directory <dir> *
cp <file1> <file2> — copy <file1> to <file2>
cp -r <dir1> <dir2> — Copy <dir1> to <dir2>, creates dir2 if it doesn’t exist.
mv <file1> <file2> — Rename or Move <file1> <file2>, if file2 is an existing directory, moves <file1> into directory <file2>
ln -s <file1> <link> — Create symbolic <link> to <file1>
touch <file> — Create an empty file.
cat > <file> — Pleaces standard input into file
more <file> — Output the contents of file
read <file> — Output the first 10 lines of file
tail <file> — Output the last 10 lines of file
tail -f <file> — Output the contents of file as it grows, starting with the last 10 lines
Process Management
ps — Display your currently active processes
top — Display all running processes
kill <pid> — Kill process id pid
killall <proc> — Kill all processes named <proc> *
bg — Lists stopped or background jobs; resume a stopped job in the background
fg — Brings the most recent job to foreground
fg n — Brings job n to the foreground
File Permissions chmod octal file — Change the permissions of file to octal, which can be found separately for user, group, and world by adding:
- read (r)
- write (w)
- execute (x)
Examples:
chmod 777 <file> — read, write, execute for all of a <file>
chmod 755 <file> — rwx for owner, rx for group and world of a <file>
chmod -R 755 <dir> — rwx for owner, rx for group and world of a <dir>
For more options, see man chmod.
SSH
ssh user@host — Connect to host as user
ssh -p port user@host — Connect to host on port
port as user
ssh-copy-id user@host — Add your key to host for user to enable a keyed or passwordless login
Example:
ssh guest@172.168.60.25 — if the Hostname of the remote machine is not known/Entry not in the Hosts List(/etc/hosts).
ssh guest@<remote_hostname>– If the Hostname of the remote machine is known.
Searching
grep pattern files — Search for pattern in files
grep -r pattern dir — Search recursively for pattern in dir
command | grep pattern — Search for pattern in the output of command
locate file — Find all instances of file.
System Info
date — Show the current date and time
cal — Show this month’s calendar
uptime — Show current uptime
w — Display who is online
whoami — Who you are logged in as
finger user — Display information about user
uname -a — Show kernel information
cat /proc/cpuinfo — CPU information
cat /proc/meminfo — Memory information
man <command> — Show the manual for command
df — Show disk usage
du — Show directory space usage
free — Show memory and swap usage
whereis <app_name> — Show possible locations of app (ex: whereis ls)
which <app_name> — Show which app will be run by default
Compression
tar -cvf <file.tar> <files> – create a tar named <file.tar> containing <files>
tar -xvf <file.tar> — Extract the files from <file.tar>
tar -cvzf <file.tar.gz> <files> — Create a tar with Gzip compression
tar -xvzf <file.tar.gz> — Extract a tar using Gzip
tar -cvjf <file.tar.bz2> — Create a tar with Bzip2 compression
tar -xvjf <file.tar.bz2> — Extract a tar using Bzip2
gzip <file> — Compresses file and renames it to <file.gz>
gzip -d <file.gz> — Decompresses <file.gz> back to <file>
Network
ping <host/IP> — Ping host/IP and output results
whois domain — Get whois information for domain
dig domain — Get DNS information for domain
dig -x host — Reverse lookup host
wget <file> — Download file
wget -c <file> — Continue a stopped download
Installation
Install from source:
./configure
make
make install
dpkg -i pkg.deb – install a package (Debian)
rpm -Uvh pkg.rpm – install a package (RPM)
For Detailed: http://blog.linuxgalore.com/2007/11/27/how-to-install-a-software-in-linux-from-source/
Shortcuts
Ctrl+C — Halts the current command
Ctrl+Z — Stops the current command, resume with fg in the foreground or bg in the background
Ctrl+D — Log out of current session, similar to exit
Ctrl+W — Erases one word in the current line
Ctrl+U — Erases the whole line
Ctrl+R — Type to bring up a recent command
!! — Repeats the last command
exit — Log out of current session
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